Classnotes

General concepts in Developmental Biology and their historical context Moisés Mallo Assignment Introduction The change of common understanding of genetic material from proteins to DNA was a long ardious process.We will study some of these perspectives in the class. Some Historical Perspective **Preformation: ** ​ Epigenesis: The theory of how the seed evolves into a lively being. Two kinds of cells (Theory of Germ Plasm): Germ cells: The cells that are used for reproduction. Zygote? Somatic cells: make the body. Mutations in the Somatic cells are not passed on to the next generation. Pluripotency/totipotency: ...

Write a project abstract : Pick up something you heared this week. Think about a project and write a “grant proposal” kind of thing. Send the final version by Monday. [deadline] Introduction to the Cell Cycle Raquel Oliveira the DNA molecule: Long-term storage of information reading transmission The human karyotype: 23 chromosome pairs During cell division, you seperate the chromatins, not the chromosomes. The human body experiences ~10, 000 trillion cell divisions during the lifetime. ...

Principles of Protein Structures by Casper Goverde Group research: Design of protein molecules for novel functional and behavioural activities. Also study proteins using variety of techniques like ML and computational design. Moplecular Interactions in Biomolecules Non-covalent interactions modelled via Lennard-Jones, consists of van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds. Two neutral atoms in close proximity get polarised ! Van der waals radius is r1 + r2 and is the point where the repulsive interactions become dominent. Hydrogen bonds can be thought of as a dipole-dipole interaction but on a molecular scale. Iconic interactions are the strongest, however, water ions severly reduce electrostatic interaction. In vacuum its ~50 kJ/mol, whereas in water its ~6 kJ/mol. Moleculaes of Life Nucleic Acids Proteins : Made of Peptides Lipids : Fats Glycans: Sugars flowchart LR Genetic-Material --> Primary-Structure --> Secondary-Structure --> Function((Function)) --> Tertiary-Structure --> Quartarnary-Structure Proteins have an amino group, a carboxyl group, and 20 different kinds of R groups. ...

Introduction Z distribution is a special normal distribution with mean 0 and deviations 1. Quantiles is splitting the distribution into different sizes based on probability mass. SEM (Standard Error of means) is the same as the variance of the sample. 95% of the normal distribution is within 2 $\sigma$ (standard deviations) of the mean. 0.025 quanta: Median is the point of the 50% quantile. Lecture 2 $\mu$ and $\sigma$ are usually unknown. Thats why we use Greek letters. They are for the gods to know. ...

An Introduction to the Luria-Delbruck Experiment by Marco Fumasoni Introduction Salvatore Edoardo Luria from Turin, Italy & Max Ludwig Henning Delbruck from Berlin, Germany fled to the United States. Delbruck was a Physicist. Scientific background in the early 40s Genetic information is heritable. Due to DNA and DNA is genetic material. Evolution by inheritance of acquired characteristics natual selection by Darwin … and modern synthesis The Problem: bacterial cultures rapidly develop resistance to viral infection H1: The virus directly induces resistance mutations. “The environment induces the mutations required for survival.” ...

How natural selection took over immunology by Jorge Carneiro ​ Read: Clonal selection theory. If an organism is infected, it produces antibodies. The body has antibodies for even artificial synthestic novel foreign bodies when injected. Antigens + Antibody results in a precipitation reaction. Electrophorosis of Serum Globulin, Sanger Sequencing. Ultra-centrifugation of antibody precipitation to differentiate IGG and IGM. Criticisms of the Pauling approach where the Globulin changes conformation and wraps around the threat fails to explain the exponential growth observed in the concentration of antibodies over time. ...